Mycelium growth bed

ABSTRACT

A mycelium growth bed for optimal production of pure mycelium or a pure mycelium composite with controlled or predictable properties, the bed comprising a tray, a conveying platform, a permeable membrane, a substrate, and a porous material. The permeable membrane is positioned on the conveying platform within the tray. The substrate is positioned on the permeable membrane and the porous material is positioned on top of the substrate. The system provides a configuration wherein the CO2 concentration is held above 3%, the relative humidity is held above 40% and the O2 concentration is held below 20% in steady state conditions to produce leather-like mycelium without fruiting bodies.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/347,028 filed Jun. 14, 2021 and granted as U.S. patent Ser. No.11/564,362 on Jan. 31, 2023, and which is continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/657,974 filed Oct. 18, 2019, and granted as U.S.patent Ser. No. 11/032,982 on Jun. 15, 2021, and which claims thebenefit of US provisional patent application 62/747571, filed Oct. 18,2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Technical Field of the Disclosure

This invention relates generally to the nascent industry of fungalmycelium biofabrication, and more specifically to a mycelium growth bedhaving an optimal configuration for manufacturing mycelium leatherwithout any fruiting bodies.

Description of the Related Art

Mycelium is a renewable natural resource that grows as part of the lifecycle of a fungus. Mushrooms are one of nature's best decomposers,absorbing nutrients from their environment, transforming organic wasteinto new materials. As that occurs, the fungus can take the form of amass of branching hyphae. The hyphae secrete enzymes into or onto asubstrate food source, which breaks down the food source such that itcan be absorbed into the mycelium. By controlling and directing thegrowth of these hyphae and mycelium, and by halting and restarting theirgrowth at specific timeframes, leather-like materials can be created.

Leather-like fungal mycelium has garnered considerable interest inrecent years as a material whose mechanical properties can be takenadvantage of for a variety of uses. Mycelium can be used in a variety ofapplications, as a versatile material, that can replace variousfossil-fuel or animal-derived materials such as plastics and leathers.Some such materials include polystyrene-like packaging materials orleather-like bio-fabrics (mycelium leather). Typically, these materialsare derived from traditional methods of growing mycelium prior to and inpreparation for the growing of fungal fruiting bodies such as for food.

Conventional means of growing organic matter involve myriad systemsincluding bioreactors, vessels such as bags or boxes, incubators,fermenters, submerged reactors, and trays for solid state fermentation.Such growth vessels are used in other industries such as soybean growthand Koji fermentation. One such conventional growth vessel used in thefield of industrial edible mushroom farming uses sawdust or otherfiber-based media for spawn production of saprotrophic fungi. Whilelarge volumes of lignocellulose materials are grown, this is typicallydone in large bags or bottles so to fulfill the primary function inthese industries of creating spawn and generating fruiting bodies forculinary and/or pharmaceutical ends, rather than to manufactureleather-like mycelium without fruiting bodies.

For fungal growth directed toward mycelium-based end products, suchconventional methods will not suffice. To maximize mycelial growth, ithas been found that restrictive environmental controls are required. Oneknowledgeable in the art understands that, while it has been shown thatmycelium-based materials can be grown via such methods, optimizing themycelium's growth external to its substrate rather than either themycelium's growth within its substrate or the fruiting body's growth isneither trivial nor well understood. To-date, mycelium-based materials,particularly mycelium leathers, have been derived from mycelium growthperformed in a manner consistent with edible fungal fruiting body(mushroom) production, such as in bottles, bags, or troughs, or inspecially-controlled biological incubators whose wide range oftunability results in outsize cost and complexity. In other words,exomorphic vegetative hyphal and mycelial growth in response toenvironmental, chemical, material, thigmotaxic and other variableconditions.

Further, current processes for growing sheets of mycelium requiremultiple vessels, and multiple transfer steps throughout. Each timematerials are transferred, there is a potential for infection or theintroduction of secondary elements that can potentially ruin thefermentation process through infection. In addition to this risk, theincreased exchange and transfer of materials means increased expense, asmore equipment and manpower are required. Each additional, sequentialtransfer also introduces vectors for is contamination and infection.Furthermore, the equipment currently being used for growing sheets ofmycelium are not specifically meant for the particular process, ratherthe equipment made for other purposes must be altered to perform thenecessary specific configurations for mycelium growth to generate sheetsthat are appropriate for commerce. Moreover, these methods do notproduce leather-like mycelium and fail to produce mycelium withconsistent thickness, uniformities or mechanical properties and henceare limited in their usefulness.

The current state of the art of mycelium growth beds requireselaborative control systems that introduce artificial conditions of gas,temperature, moisture, and overall environment. A new advancement in thecurrent embodiment(s) utilizes the capabilities of a fungal colony togenerate its own microenvironment wherein mycelium growth is encouraged,infection vectors are discouraged, and the mycelium is not inclined toadvance to fruiting body formation as is the natural process of growthin nature. The current state of the art does not make elegant use ofpassive environmental states generated within a reactor design such asis in the current embodiment(s).

There is thus a need for an improved mycelium growth bed and a methodfor manufacturing leather-like mycelium materials and composites. Such amycelium growth bed would provide an optimal configuration formanufacturing leather-like mycelium free of substrate particles andfruiting bodies. Such a growth bed would have dimensions, contents andgas exchange that are within a narrow and specific range to promotemycelium growth conducive to making a pure mycelium or pure myceliumcomposite with controlled or predictable properties as well as otherpure-mycelium containing materials and composites. Further, such agrowth bed would produce mycelium with consistent thickness,uniformities and mechanical properties to be used as a leather-likematerial. Moreover, such a growth bed would provide specific conditionsthat are rare or novel to nature. Furthermore, such a growth bed wouldprovide environmental conditions that are never found in nature whichenables production of uniform leather like mycelium grown consistentlyfrom batch to batch, and without fruiting body formation such as isimplicitly imperative to traditional mushroom fermentation reactors. Thepresent embodiment overcomes shortcomings in the field by accomplishingthese critical objectives.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

To minimize the limitations found in the existing systems and methods,and to minimize other limitations that will be apparent upon the readingof the specifications, a preferred embodiment of the present inventionprovides a mycelium growth bed for producing mycelium leather and amethod for optimal production of mycelium leather.

The mycelium growth bed comprises a tray, a conveying platform, apermeable membrane, a substrate, a porous material and a set ofinterchangeable lids. The tray includes an enclosed set of walls, afloor, and a lid. The floor is adaptable to detach and attach with theenclosing walls. The tray is made of a stiff material selected from agroup consisting of: plastic, wood, fiberglass, and metal.

The material which comprises the floor, walls, and lid is selected tohave a specific thickness, stiffness (or compliance), and thermalresistance; all in order to appropriately control the temperature of thetraining environment within the bed, as well as within the substratethat is within the bed. The compliance of the walls is also critical inallowing the myceliated substrate to be removed easily duringmanipulations and operations throughout the fermentation process.

The conveying platform is configured to fit within the tray andadaptable to support the weight of the substrate inoculated with afungal strain that produces mycelium. The conveying platform preferablyhas dimensions that are at least 1 mm smaller than the inner dimensionsof the tray it is placed within, however, dimensions greater or lessthan 1 mm smaller are provided as well. The permeable membrane includesa plurality of pores is positioned on the conveying platform and thesubstrate is positioned on the permeable membrane. The plurality ofpores are spaced regularly throughout the permeable membrane so as toencourage even and regular growth of mycelium therethrough.

The substrate may be any typical and suitable fungal mycelium foodsource such as but not limited to potato dextrose, lignin, grain(s),wheat(s), mineral(s) or cellulose. In the preferred embodiment, thesubstrate includes a mix of hardwood and softwood particles supplementedwith rye grains or materials rich in nitrogen such as but not limited tomillet. The porous material is positioned on top of the substrate andheld close to the permeable membrane. The porous material includes, butis not limited to, a woven or felted (non-woven) fabric introduced ontop of the permeable membrane on top of the growing substrate.

The lid has a plurality of openings and is adaptable to detachablyattach with the enclosing wall(s) of the tray. The plurality of openingson the lid allows exchange of gases including water vapor, carbondioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen. The tray having the conveying platform,the permeable membrane having the substrate, the porous material and thelid are configured to attain an optimal configuration that preciselycontrols the volume, the weight, the substrate area and the air and gasexchange parameters to produce a leather-like material of pure mycelium,or of a mycelium-fabric composite comprising the porous layer with themycelium grown therethrough.

The optimal configuration to produce a pure mycelium, or myceliumcomposite, with leather-like properties, is designed to ensure that onlyvegetative mycelium is grown within the bed, without the formation offruiting bodies nor any fruiting body precursor.

Said configuration is such that the substrate weight to air volume(volume of empty space within the tray not occupied by the substrate)ratio is approximately 2.65 grams of substrate per cubic centimeter ofair volume, and less preferably between 0.5 and 5 g/cc. The air volumeto substrate volume is between 0.01 and 1.0 cc/cc, the air volume tosubstrate area is between 0.5 and 5.0 cc/cm², wherein the CO₂concentration is held above 3% in steady state conditions, the relativehumidity is held above 40% in steady state conditions, and wherein theO₂ concentration is held below 20% in steady state conditions; all topromote mycelium growth without fruiting body formation. Throughout thisdocument the term “air volume” may be used to describe the negativespace or volume of the tray not occupied by substrate. While typicallythis empty space volume will be filled with gas, and very typically thatgas will be what is conventionally termed “air”, it is to be understoodthat any gas or even the absence of gas may occupy the volume.

The improved system also includes a method for producing myceliumleather utilizing the mycelium growth bed, the method comprising thesteps of: providing a tray having an enclosed set of walls, a floor thatmay or may not be detachable and may or may not require a conveyingplatform configured to fit therein, positioning a permeable membranehaving a plurality of pores on the conveying platform. Then, positioninga substrate inoculated with a fungal strain on the permeable membrane,positioning a porous material above the substrate such that the porousmaterial held close to the permeable membrane and closing the tray witha lid to create an optimal configuration such that the substrate weightto air volume ratio is approximately 2.65 grams of substrate per cubiccentimeter of air volume, and less preferably between 0.5 and 5 g/cc.The air volume to substrate volume is between 0.01 and 1.0 cc/cc, theair volume to substrate area is between 0.5 and 5.0 cc/cm², wherein theCO₂ concentration is held above 3% in steady state conditions, therelative humidity is held above 40% in steady state conditions, andwherein the O₂ concentration is held below 20% in steady stateconditions; all to promote mycelium growth without fruiting bodyformation.

A first objective of the present embodiment is to provide an improvedmycelium growth bed and a method for manufacturing leather-like myceliummaterial.

A second objective of the present embodiment is to provide a myceliumgrowth bed and a method that provides an optimal configuration formanufacturing leather-like mycelium free of substrate particles andfruiting bodies.

A third objective of the present embodiment is to provide a myceliumgrowth bed that have dimensions, contents and gas exchange that arewithin a narrow and specific range to promote mycelium growth conduciveto use as leather.

A fourth objective of the present embodiment is to provide a myceliumgrowth bed that produces mycelium with consistent thickness,uniformities and mechanical properties to be used as a leather-likematerial.

A fifth objective of the present embodiment is to provide a myceliumgrowth bed that provides specific conditions that are rare in nature andextremely difficult to locate in a laboratory environment.

Another objective of the present embodiment is to provide a myceliumgrowth bed that provides environmental conditions that are never foundin nature which enables production of uniform leather like myceliumgrown consistently from batch to batch.

These and other advantages and features of the present invention aredescribed with specificity so as to make the present inventionunderstandable to one of ordinary skill in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to enhance their clarity and improve the understanding of thevarious elements and embodiment, elements in the figures have notnecessarily been drawn to scale. Furthermore, elements that are known tobe common and well understood to those in the industry are not depictedin order to provide a clear view of the various embodiments of theinvention. Thus, the drawings are generalized in form in the interest ofclarity and conciseness.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded perspective view of a mycelium growth bedin accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of a tray of the mycelium growthbed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exploded perspective view of the tray and a lid ofthe mycelium growth bed in accordance with the preferred embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the mycelium growth bed inaccordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5A illustrates a cross-sectional view of the mycelium growth bed ina first orientation in accordance with the preferred embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the mycelium growth bed ina second inverted orientation in accordance with the preferredembodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method for producing myceliumleather utilizing the mycelium growth bed in accordance with thepreferred embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following discussion that addresses a number of embodiments andapplications of the present invention, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown byway of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may bepracticed. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilizedand changes may be made without departing from the scope of the presentinvention.

Various inventive features are described below that can each be usedindependently of one another or in combination with other features.However, any single inventive feature may not address any of theproblems discussed above or only address one of the problems discussedabove. Further, one or more of the problems discussed above may not befully addressed by any of the features described below.

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include pluralreferents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. “And” as usedherein is interchangeably used with “or” unless expressly statedotherwise. As used herein, the term ‘about” means+/−5% of the recitedparameter. All embodiments of any aspect of the invention can be used incombination, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words ‘comprise’, ‘comprising’, and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of“including, but not limited to”. Words using the singular or pluralnumber also include the plural and singular number, respectively.Additionally, the words “herein,” “wherein”, “whereas”, “above,” and“below” and words of similar import, when used in this application,shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particularportions of the application.

The description of embodiments of the disclosure is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed.While the specific embodiments of, and examples for, the disclosure aredescribed herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalentmodifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure, as thoseskilled in the relevant art will recognize.

Referring to FIGS. 1-3 , an exploded perspective view of a mycelium togrowth bed 10 for producing mycelium leather in accordance with thepreferred embodiment is illustrated. The mycelium growth bed 10 of thepreferred embodiment of the present invention provides dimensions,contents and gas exchange within a narrow and specific range so as topromote mycelium growth in a novel manner that makes such myceliumconducive to use as environmentally friendly leather replacementmaterial. In order to use mycelium as leather, mycelium produced must befree of any substrate material and fruiting bodies. Moreover, themycelium cells should extend beyond the boundaries of its substrate buthave not yet begun to differentiate into reproductive mushrooms.Specific and particular conditions are required to grow the myceliumcells to extend past their substrate without forming fruiting bodies.The mycelium growth bed 10 of the present invention provides an optimalconfiguration for this rare and difficult-to-achieve fungal myceliumgrowth and enables the production of uniform leather-like mycelium grownconsistently from batch to batch.

The mycelium growth bed 10 for optimal production of a leather-likematerial comprises a tray 12, a conveying platform 18, a permeablemembrane 20, a substrate 22, a porous material 24 and a lid 26. The tray12 includes an enclosed wall 14 and a floor 16 as illustrated in FIG. 2. The floor 16 is adaptable to detachably attach with the enclosed wall14 as illustrated in FIG. 3 . The tray 12 is made of a stiff materialselected from a group consisting of: plastic, wood, fiberglass,fiber-polymer composite and metal. The surface of the tray 12 isresistant to infiltration by the living media it holds.

The conveying platform 18 is configured to fit within the tray 12 andadaptable to support the weight of the substrate 22 inoculated with afungal strain (not shown) that produces mycelium. The conveying platform18 can be any rigid surface, with dimensions that allows it to fitwithin the tray 12 when placed therewithin. The conveying platform 18 isconstructed in a manner to support the weight of the colonized substrate22 and is adaptable to fit within the tray 12 when being transferredfrom the tray 12 to any secondary location. The conveying platform 18must have dimensions that are preferably at least 1 mm smaller than theinner dimensions of the tray 12 it is placed within, however amounts of1 mm or less than 1 mm are envisioned in alternative embodiments. Theconveying platform 18 may be of any other smaller dimensions that aredeemed appropriate for the function of acting as a conveying sled orcarrying platform of the colonized substrate 22.

The permeable membrane 20 comprises a plurality of pores 28 and ispositioned on the conveying platform 18 and the substrate 22 ispositioned on the permeable membrane 20. The permeable membrane 20 holdsthe substrate 22 and regulates even growth of mycelium therethrough. Thesize of each of the plurality of pores 28 of the permeable membrane 20can range between 1 micron and 1 millimeter. The plurality of pores 28is spaced regularly throughout the permeable membrane 20 so as toencourage even and regular growth of mycelium therethrough. Thepermeable membrane 20 may be degradable by design or may be selectedfrom a group consisting of: a mesh, fibers, nylon or other material thatare resistant to decomposition from physical association with saprobicfungi. In an alternative embodiment he membrane 20 is predictablydegradable by design such as it is consumed in the process of myceliumgrowth and/or are biodegradable as organic waste when the substrate isdiscarded post-harvest.

The substrate 22 can be any typical fungal mycelium food source such aspotato dextrose, lignin, or cellulose. In one embodiment, the substrate22 is a mixture of discrete particles and nutrients for mycelium growth,along with a specific moisture content (water). In the preferredembodiment, the substrate 22 includes a mix of hardwood and softwoodparticles supplemented with rye grains or materials rich in nitrogen.For the preferred optimal configuration of the present invention, themix of hardwood and softwood particles comprises up to 95% of the solidmedia constituents of the substrate 22. These hardwood and softwoodparticles are supplemented with rye grains or other suitable materialsthat are rich in nitrogen. The rye grains or other suitable materialcomprises 5-15% of the total mass of the substrate 22. The substrate 22is further altered with regard to the pH balance through the addition ofCalcium Carbonate or other Calcium sources, such that the substrate 22is adequate for the optimal growth and propagation of mycelium. Water isadded to the substrate 22 such that the hydration of the substrate 22provides saturated conditions that are adequate for the optimal growthand propagation of mycelium. In this embodiment, the substrate 22 isprepared to work in accordance with fungi species that includes theGanodermas and Trametes, the order Polyporales and including allsaprobic fungal candidates that derive sustenance from lignin andcellulose-rich sources; such as brown-rot and white-rot fungal speciesin general. The porous material 24 is positioned on top of the substrate22 and held close to the permeable membrane 20. The porous material 24includes, but is not limited to, a cotton fabric introduced on top ofthe growing substrate 22. In one embodiment, the porous material 24 caninclude different varieties of nylon and cotton, other meshes, such aselectronic meshes, synthetic meshes such as Kevlar®([—CO—C₆H₄—CO—NH—C₆H₄—NH-]_(n) by DuPont de Nemours, Inc. of Wilmington,Del.), or other specialized materials that can be incorporated directlywithin the growing substrate 22. In the current embodiment, the porousmaterial may comprise a single layer or multiple layers added insequence, at varying orientations, and of multiple, unique materials inorder to facilitate a uniquely engineered profile of macroscopicmechanical properties.

The lid 26, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3 , is adaptable to detachablyattach with the enclosed wall(s) 14 of the tray 12. The lid 26 has aplurality of openings 30 that allows exchange of gases therethrough. Theplurality of openings 30 for gas and vapor exchange on the lid 26 is atminimum of 0.2% of the surface area of the lid 26. When the tray 12 iscovered by the lid 26, it allows exchange of some gas or all gaseousspecies, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen.The plurality of openings in the current embodiment is a set of discreteholes that are distributed by mathematical design; in another embodimentthe holes may be covered by or themselves comprise a layer ofselectively permeable material such as flashspun high-densitypolyethylene fibers, such as Tyvek® by DuPont de Nemours, Inc. ofWilmington, Del.

The tray 12 having the conveying platform 18, the permeable membranehaving the substrate 22, the porous material 24 and the lid 26 isconfigured to attain an optimal configuration that precisely controlsthe volume, the weight, the substrate area and the air and gas exchangeparameters to produce mycelium leather. The optimal configuration of thepreferred embodiment of the present invention is such that the airvolume to substrate weight ratio is approximately 2.65 grams ofsubstrate per cubic centimeter of air volume, and less preferablybetween 0.5 and 5 g/cc. The air volume to substrate volume is between0.01 and 1.0 cc/cc, the air volume to substrate area is between 0.5 and5.0 cc/cm², wherein the CO₂ concentration is held above 3% in steadystate conditions, the relative humidity is held above 40% in steadystate conditions, and wherein the O₂ concentration is held below 20% insteady state conditions. Throughout this document the term “air volume”may be used to describe the negative space or volume of the tray notoccupied by substrate. While typically this empty space volume will befilled with gas, and very typically that gas will be what isconventionally termed “air”, it is to be understood that any gas or eventhe absence of gas may occupy the volume.

This optimal configuration promotes leather-like mycelium growth withoutfruiting bodies.

The dimension of the tray 12 is in one embodiment 24 inches in width by36 inches in length to create mycelium leather that has commercialinterest and viability. The limitations of the disclosure are not boundby these dimensions, and a tray of any width by any length may beutilized. The tray 12 produces an apical expression of mycelium beyondthe living substrate. The construction of the tray 12 with the permeablemembrane 20 that is non-reactive to mycelium and the porous material 24that is integrated directly into and within the substrate 22 allows thegrowth of apically expressed (vegetative) mycelium from the substrate22. Also, the tray 12 with the permeable membrane 20 that isnon-reactive to mycelium and the porous material 24 provides a means ofeasy removal of the mycelium when desired.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the dimensions of the tray12 and the lid 26 are of any dimensions, such as but not limited to 24inches in width by 36 inches in length, and the substrate weight to airvolume ratio is between 0.05 and 1.5 cc/g. The air volume to substratevolume ratio of the tray 12 is between 0.05 and 1.5, its air volume tosubstrate area is between 0.5 and 5 cc/cm², the CO₂ concentrationpreferably held above 3% under steady state conditions, relativehumidity preferably is held above 40% in steady state conditions, and O₂concentration preferably held below 20% in steady state conditions. Inother alternatives the CO₂ concentration is held above 4% and in stillother alternatives the CO₂ concentration is held above 10%.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the dimensions of thetray 12 and the lid 26 are any dimensions, and the air volume tosubstrate weight ratio is between 0.1 and 1.0 cc/g. The air volume tosubstrate volume ratio of the tray is between 0.1 and 1.0, its airvolume to substrate area is between 1.0 and 2 cc/cm², the CO₂concentration is held above 4% under steady state conditions, therelative humidity is held above 40% in steady state conditions and theO₂ concentration is held below 20% in steady state conditions. In otheralternatives the CO₂ concentration is held above 10%.

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the mycelium growth bed 10in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.The mycelium growth bed 10 having the tray 12 with the detachable floor16, the conveying platform 18, the permeable membrane 20 having thesubstrate 22, the porous material 24 and the lid 26 configured to attainthe optimal configuration is illustrated in FIG. 4 . The optimalconfiguration precisely controls the volume, the weight, the substratearea and the air and gas exchange parameters to produce myceliumleather.

In yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention, theenclosed wall 14 of the tray 12 is made from thermoplastics and isbetween 1 to 6 inches in height. The enclosed wall 14 of the tray 12comprise materials that have the capacity to endure sterilizationtemperatures as is required in the preparation of wood decomposingsubstrate, is scratch resistant, light fast, and capable of being usedfor 1-120 or more repeated cycles of use.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the floor 16 of thetray 12 is composed in such a manner that it may be readily affixed tothe enclosed wall 14 of the tray 12, and to join together to form an airand water tight connection after it has been affixed. After being joinedwith the enclosed wall 14, the tray 12 is capable of holding theapportioned volume of the colonized substrate 22 and has the ability totransport the substrate 22 within the various steps of its preparationand processing.

Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, a cross-sectional view of the myceliumgrowth bed 10 in a first orientation and a second inverted orientationis illustrated respectively. The floor 16 and the lid 26 are easilyinterchangeable. In the first orientation, 3° the lid 26 is positionedon top of the tray 12 and attached to the enclosed wall 14 of the tray12. In the second inverted configuration, the floor 16 is positioned ontop of the enclosed wall 14 and the lid 26 is attached to the bottom ofthe enclosed wall 14. The tray 12 allows for the inversion and reversionof topological components required for growing mycelium. The tray 12allows for easy movement of components and alteration of the growingmedium without causing deformations to the contents within.

In another embodiment of the invention, the dimensions of the tray 12and the lid 26 are of any dimensions, such as but not included to 24inches in width by 36 inches in length, with the lid 26 acting toregulate the exchange of gasses between the environment within the tray12 and the environment outside the tray 12, such that the permeable areaof the lid 26 is equivalent to the plurality of openings 30 which isequivalent to a 1.75″ square area of the lid 26, or 0.2% of theproportional area of a 24″×36″ lid that covers the substrate 22. The lid26 is composed in such a manner that it may readily be affixed to thewall 14 of the tray 12, and joined together to form a suitable air andwatertight connection after it has been affixed. The design andconstruction of the floor 16 and the lid 26 of the tray 12 is in such amanner that they may be readily attached interchangeably and have thefixturing machinery or components to be easily taken apart and put backtogether in the reversal of these orderings of the top and bottom of thetray 12 as illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B.

In a still further alternative embodiment of the invention, the lid 26and elements of the tray 12 may include active devices or elements suchas electronic ports, as opposed to using a membrane patch. Further, inthis embodiment, electronic monitors may enable analyzation (andcharacterization) of gasses in real time, air pumps and regulators maycontrol the gas exchange, and an aspirator may be used to controlhumidity. Temperature controls, variable settings, responsive controlsystems may also be employed as alternative embodiments.

Still a further embodiment of the present invention including active ordesigned elements as a part of the lid 26 may alternatively be added toreduce water precipitation from atmospheric humidity.

Another embodiment of the present invention includes influencing thegrowth and direction of mycelium through remote action or controls, suchas sound or vibration, varying wavelengths of both light and sound ofvarying duration, as well as other alternatives for the actuation andmanipulation of hyphal and mycelial growth. Elements that includethigmotropic influences, sonic waves or other signals, lasers,(pneumatic or hydraulic pressure differences, atmospheric chemistry,biosignals) or vibrating air or any other means of actuation that causesthe movement of the mycelium to come in contact with itself as a result.In another alternative embodiment, a magnetic device may be positionedunderneath, linking to a ball or other metal object inside the tray 12,which rolls and moves around the surface to accomplish the functionsrequired for tending the growing mycelium may be employed.

Modifications of the growing substrate 22 can be made to achieve similargrowth parameters in expression without an intermediary non-reactivelayer. While a permeable physical material such as but not limited tocotton, linen, polyester, rayon, metal mesh, plastics such as latex withinduced pores, nylon, cashmere wool, Kevlar®, silk, satin, or a screenprint may be used, a similar outcome of determined expression ornon-expression of mycelium at a particular XY coordinate of the growingsubstrate's surface can be accomplished through application of anantibiotic substance applied to the substrate's surface to create aprojective mask or scrim similar to that used in photolithography fordefining geophysical limitations through printed negatives. Similarly, alaser or other heating element may be used to sinter the surface of theliving substrate to achieve the same permeable capabilities of thenylon, thereby allowing promotion, negation, or modulation of hyphal andmycelial growth through this synthetic construct.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method for producing myceliumleather utilizing the mycelium growth bed in accordance with thepreferred embodiment of the present invention. The method comprises thesteps of: providing a tray having an enclosed wall and a floor with aconveying platform configured to fit therein as indicated at block 100.Positioning a permeable membrane having a plurality of pores on theconveying platform as indicated at block 102. Then, positioning asubstrate inoculated with a fungal strain on the permeable membrane asindicated at block 104. Positioning a porous material on top of thesubstrate such that the porous material held close to the permeablemembrane as indicated at block 106 and closing the tray with a lid tocreate an optimal configuration to produce mycelium leather as indicatedat block 108 such that the substrate weight to air volume ratio isbetween 0.5 and 5 g/cc. The air volume to substrate volume is between0.01 and 1.0 cc/cc, the air volume to substrate area is between 0.5 and5.0 cc/cm², wherein the CO₂ concentration is held above 3% in steadystate conditions, the relative humidity is held above 40% in steadystate conditions, and wherein the O₂ concentration is held below 20% insteady state conditions; all to promote mycelium growth without fruitingbody formation.

The optimal configuration precisely controls the volume, the weight, thesubstrate area and the air and gas exchange parameters to producemycelium leather. The method provides an apical expression of myceliumbeyond the living substrate and allows easy removal of the mycelium whendesired.

The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention has been presented for the purpose of illustration anddescription. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is intendedthat the scope of the present invention not be limited by this detaileddescription, but by the claims and the equivalents to the claimsappended hereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A mycelium growth bed, comprising: a tray, asubstrate positioned in the tray and inoculated with a fungal strain, alid attached to the tray to form an optimal configuration with asubstrate having a substrate area and a substrate volume and a trayempty space having a tray empty space volume wherein the CO₂concentration is held above 3% in steady state conditions, the relativehumidity is held above 40% in steady state conditions, and wherein theO₂ concentration is below 20% in steady state conditions to promotemycelium growth without the generation of fruiting bodies.
 2. Themycelium growth bed of claim 1 wherein the tray includes a wall and atleast one the lid or floor is adaptable to detachably attach with theenclosed wall.
 3. The mycelium growth bed of claim 1 wherein the lidcomprises a plurality of gas exchanging openings.
 4. The mycelium growthbed of claim 3 wherein the plurality of gas exchanging openings are atminimum 0.2% of the lid's surface area.
 5. The mycelium growth bed ofclaim 1 wherein the lid has an opening that allows for gas exchange. 6.The mycelium growth bed of claim 1 wherein the opening is at minimum0.2% of the lid's surface area.
 7. The mycelium growth bed of claim 1wherein the substrate includes a mix of hardwood and softwood particlessupplemented grains rich in nitrogen.
 8. The mycelium growth bed ofclaim 1 wherein the tray is non-reactive to mycelium.
 9. A myceliumgrowth bed for optimal production of pure mycelium or a myceliumcomposite with controlled predictable properties, comprising: a trayhaving an enclosed wall and an attached floor; wherein the tray isadaptable to support the weight of a substrate positioned in the trayand inoculated with a fungal strain that produces mycelium; a lidattached to the tray; and wherein the CO₂ concentration is above 3% insteady state conditions, the relative humidity is above 40% in steadystate conditions, and wherein the O₂ concentration is below 20% insteady state conditions to promote mycelium growth without fruitingbody.
 10. The mycelium growth bed of claim 9 wherein the tray comprisesa stiff material selected from a group consisting of: plastic, wood,fiberglass and metal.
 11. The mycelium growth bed of claim 9 wherein thesubstrate consists of a fungal mycelium food source.
 12. The myceliumgrowth bed of claim 9 wherein the substrate comprises a fungal myceliumfood source.
 13. The mycelium growth bed of claim 9 wherein the lid hasan opening that allows for gas exchange.
 14. The mycelium growth bed ofclaim 9 wherein the substrate includes a mix of hardwood and softwoodparticles supplemented with grains materials rich in nitrogen.
 15. Themycelium growth bed of claim 9 wherein the tray produces an apicalexpression of mycelium beyond the living substrate.
 16. The myceliumgrowth bed of claim 9 wherein the tray allows for the inversion andreversion of topological components required for growing mycelium.
 17. Amethod for producing optimized, efficient, high-throughput and low-costpure mycelium or a mycelium composite with controlled predictableproperties, the method comprising the steps of: a. providing a trayhaving an enclosed wall and a floor; b. positioning a substrateinoculated with a fungal strain on the tray; c. positioning a lidattached to the tray to form an optimal configuration; and d. whereinthe CO₂ concentration is above 3% in steady state conditions, therelative humidity is above 40% in steady state conditions, and whereinthe O₂ concentration is below 20% in steady state conditions to promotemycelium growth without fruiting body,
 18. The mycelium growth bed ofclaim 17 wherein the substrate consists of a fungal mycelium foodsource.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein an apical expression ofmycelium is produced beyond the living substrate and allows easy removalof the mycelium.
 20. The method of claim 17 allows for the inversion andreversion of topological components required for growing mycelium.